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General plots / Histogram

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How to read it

Histogram

Values are divided into equal-width bins and bar height is the number of observations in each bin (or percentage, or density); bins are closed on the left and open on the right, except that the last bin includes the maximum.

Bin width changes the shape: too wide hides bimodality, too narrow adds noise. By default Sturges’ rule (log₂n + 1 bins) is rounded to a readable step; you can set the number of bins or the width yourself.

Groups share the same bins and are overlaid translucently; when group sizes differ, compare shapes with “percent” or “density”. The overlaid curve is a Gaussian kernel density estimate (R default bandwidth bw.nrd0).

For values spanning several orders of magnitude (such as counts per cell), taking log10 first makes the distribution easier to read.

Method

Default bin number: Sturges (1926) J Am Stat Assoc 21:65–66, rounded to a 1/2/5 × 10ⁿ step; counts match numpy.histogram for the same bin edges.

Data size

Up to 12 groups and 500 bins.

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