General plots / Raincloud plot
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A raincloud plot combines three views: the half violin on the right (the “cloud”) is the density, the narrow box shows median and IQR, and the jittered points on the left (the “rain”) are the raw values.
It shows shape, summary statistics and sample size at once, which is more complete than a bar or box plot alone.
Brackets show stars for the adjusted P value: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, ns = not significant. Two groups use the Welch t test or Mann–Whitney U test; more groups use ANOVA with Tukey or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn (BH-adjusted).
With many points they overlap; show fewer groups or use a violin plot.
Boxes span the quartiles (Q1–Q3, R type 7) and whiskers reach the furthest value within 1.5 × IQR; densities use a Gaussian kernel (Silverman bandwidth). Tests: Welch t test, Mann–Whitney U (as scipy), one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD, Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s test (Dunn 1964, Technometrics 6:241–252); multiple comparisons are adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg.
Up to 40 groups; at most 10 comparison brackets are drawn (smallest P first); all comparisons are in the downloadable table.
Send us your data and research question and you will receive a written plan within 1 working day: analysis steps, parameter rationale, deliverables and timeline. Quoted per project.