General plots / Violin plot
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The width of each violin is the estimated density (Gaussian kernel): wide where values are common, narrow where rare, revealing skew and multiple peaks.
The dark bar inside is the interquartile range, the white dot the median and the thin line the whisker range.
Brackets show stars for the adjusted P value: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, ns = not significant. Two groups use the Welch t test or Mann–Whitney U test; more groups use ANOVA with Tukey or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn (BH-adjusted).
With very few values per group (< 10) the density is unreliable; show the points as well or use a box plot.
Boxes span the quartiles (Q1–Q3, R type 7) and whiskers reach the furthest value within 1.5 × IQR; densities use a Gaussian kernel (Silverman bandwidth). Tests: Welch t test, Mann–Whitney U (as scipy), one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD, Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s test (Dunn 1964, Technometrics 6:241–252); multiple comparisons are adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg.
Up to 40 groups; at most 10 comparison brackets are drawn (smallest P first); all comparisons are in the downloadable table.
Send us your data and research question and you will receive a written plan within 1 working day: analysis steps, parameter rationale, deliverables and timeline. Quoted per project.